Compositionality, as defined by Nunberg “is the degree to which the phrasal meaning once known, can be analyzed in terms of the contributions of the idioms’ parts” (1999). More simply, it is the ability to understand a sentence from its individual parts, without prior knowledge of how they are used together.

“Construction Grammar consists entirely of learned pairings of form with meaning (or function), that is, constructions; a construction can be defined at any level of complexity and generality; and constructions are linked to each other in a vast network. In a usage-based approach to language, the mental representation of grammar in the mind of individual speakers is taken to emerge from actual language use. The view that grammar is shaped by usage opens many avenues to explain and predict aspects of linguistic structure from usage data” (Perek, 2023). OR more simply put, Constructivist Grammar is a theory of Grammar where words gain their meaning from their surronding context and (and some argue previous usage).

CxG originally emerged as a response to the limitations of mainstream generative approaches to grammar, especially as it pertains to idiosyncratic patterns and idiomatic expressions (Perek, 2023).

Frame Semantics is a theory of linguistic meaning developed by Charles J. Fillmore which emphasizes the development of frames or mental structures, to understand language (Fillmore, 1988).

Typology & information packaging is a theory that suggests all langauges have a certain way of packaging their information. Universal dependecies makes it possible to work with typology and langauge packaging in order to create a universal way of parsing and tagging languages.